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Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro

Kilimanjaro. The name itself is a mystery wreathed in clouds. It might mean Mountain of Light, Mountain of Greatness or Mountain of Caravans. Or it might not. The local people, the Wachagga, don't even have a name for the whole massif, only Kipoo (now known as Kibo) for the familiar snowy peak that stands imperious, overseer of the continent, the summit of Africa.

Kilimanjaro is the world's highest free standing, snow-covered equatorial mountain. Now charted and climbed; stories of her resident man-eating spirits are relegated to the realms of folklore. But Mount Kilimanjaro continues to preserve a mysticism that defies all recent knowledge of her slopes.

Kilimanjaro, by any name, is a metaphor for the compelling beauty of East Africa. When you see it, you understand why. Not only is this the highest peak on the African continent; it is also the tallest free-standing mountain in the world, rising in breathtaking isolation from the surrounding coastal scrubland – elevation around 900 metres – to an imperious 5,895 metres (19,336 feet).

 
Mount Kilimanjaro
About Mount Kilimanjaro

Kilimanjaro is one of the world's most accessible high summits, a beacon for visitors from around the world. Most climbers reach the crater rim with little more than a walking stick, proper clothing and determination. And those who reach Uhuru Point, the actual summit, or Gillman's Point on the lip of the crater, will have earned their climbing certificates.

Kilimanjaro is a giant stratovolcano reaching an elevation of 19,335.6 ft. (5,895 m). Other names for this volcano are: Kilima Dscharo, Oldoinyo Oibor (white mountain in Masai), and Kilima Njaro meaning shining mountain in Swahili. This volcano's highest and youngest cone is named Kibo. Shira to the west and Mawenzi in the east are older cones that make up Kilimanjaro. Kibo has not been active in modern times, but steam and sulfur are still emitted. At the top of Kibo's summit is a 1 1/2 mile (2 1/4 Km) wide crater.
But there is so much more to Kili than her summit. The ascent of the slopes is a virtual climatic world tour, from the tropics to the Arctic.
The Machame Route - a good all round Kilimanjaro climb in terms of value for money, length of the trek, and success rate. Scenic and less-used than the Marangu route. Ascend from the western side of Kilimanjaro and descend down the south face.

The Marangu Route - attracts many more climbers than all the other routes put together. Quickest and most direct route to the top of Kilimanjaro. Park huts used for accommodation.  Ascend and descend by the same path.

Lemosho Route - designed for those wanting to ascend to the summit in daylight hours. Includes a night in Kibo crater and trek within and walk to the top of the inner Reusch crater. Stunning view into the Ash Pit.  Magnificent scenery. Often see wildlife on this route. We operate this trip at a very high level of comfort.

The Umbwe Route - one of the least-used routes. Significantly shorter than other routes whilst having good acclimatisation time. Very steep route best suited to experienced trekkers.

The Rongai Route - begins on the north side of the mountain and is the least-trodden route. Long drive to starting point. Obliged by park rules to descend via the Marangu Route. The park huts are used as accommodation on the descent.

The Western Breach Route - very steep and recommended only for very fit and capable climbers. Currently not available.


Shira is topped by a broad plateau, perhaps a filled caldera, and erosion has cut deeply into a remnant rim. In contrast, Mawenzi's summit is a steep rocky peak surrounded by cliffs 1,600 ft.(0.5 km) to 4,900 ft.(1.5 km) high. Erosion has removed the original crater, and a great horseshoe shaped ridge opens to the northeast. Mile-deep gullies with 30-45 degree gradients make many places practically inaccessible. Massive series of radial and concentric dyke swarm make up more than 30-40 percent of the summit area of Mawenzi. Kibo's glacier-clad summit, the highest spot in Africa, is a 1.2 x 1.7 mile (1.9 x 2.7 km) caldera, with an inner crater nearly a mile (1.3 km) wide, and inside that a deep, 1,148 ft. (350 m) wide central pit. Original volcanic forms are preserved at the summit and on many of the flanks, except on the south side where glaciers have cut deeply into the cone. Nearly 250 satellitic cones occur on Kilimanjaro, most following SE and NW trends. Estimates suggest that of a total volume of about 1,150 cu. miles, Mawenzi and Shira each contribute roughly 120 cu. mi. of andesites and basalts, Kibo has the same volume of similar but unexposed rocks, plus an additional 107 cu. miles. Interestingly, more than half of Kilimanjaro's volume is represented by older, basal basalts (672 cu. mi.), so once again- as in Cascade stratovolcanoes - a basaltic shield is the most important, but least conspicuous element of a chemically complex volcano. Kilimanjaro- Africa's largest volcano and among the largest on the Earth is indeed a beautiful and fascinating volcano of the world.

Even before you cross the national park boundary (at the 2,700m contour), the cultivated footslopes give way to lush montane forest, inhabited by elusive elephant, leopard, buffalo, the endangered Abbot’s duiker, and other small antelope and primates. Higher still lies the moorland zone, where a cover of giant heather is studded with otherworldly giant lobelias.

Above 4,000m, a surreal alpine desert supports little life other than a few hardy mosses and lichen. Then, finally, the last vestigial vegetation gives way to a winter wonderland of ice and snow – and the magnificent beauty of the roof of the continent.

Mount Kilimanjaro
 
Mount Kilimanjaro
 
Kilimanjaro Geology Overview
Kilimanjaro is a pretty complex volcano. In fact Kilimanjaro is termed a chemically complex triple strato volcano and it went through a series of changes as it was born, developed and became less and less active. There were a number of different types of rocks produced from basalts to phonolites to rhomb porphyries.
The key thing to understand about Kilimanjaro is that firstly it is actually 3 volcanoes - Shira, Mawenzi and Kibo. Kibo is the highest of those three volcanoes and Uhuru Peak is the summit (renamed from Kaizer Wilheim Spitz Peak during independance). Being called a 'strato volcano' means that Kilimanjaro has a series of layers of ash and lava as the volcanoes went through different eruptive phases. Stratos means layer in Greek and susinctly describes the layering of ash and lava.
The complete geological history of Kilimanjaro is a very lengthy description but in brief Kilimanjaro was born around 1 million or so years ago as the crust of the earth became under tension and started to crack and split - this is the Rift valley zone where the African continent is literally pulling itself apart and Kilimanjaro is a result of that very process! Initially very running (low viscocity) lavas emerged, these were basalts. Being very runny they formed a very gentle sloping base for Kilimanjaro, easily seen today. As the volcano matured different lavas started to emerge. Having a cooler eruptive temperature the lavas were different to the initial basalt lava flows and far less runny, giving Kilimanjaro and Kibo especially, a much steeper profile. The types of lavas that were emerging we the likes of the small rectangle porphries (porphry refers to foreign crystals in the lava - easily seen when on the mountain) and rhomb porphyries. Phonilites also emerged and those can easily been recognised at places like the Lent group and near Barafu camp where the clinky sounds can be heard as you walk over them (phono refering to sound and lite - lithe refering to stone).
Successive lava flows then continued as Kibo continued to grow. Mawenzi and Shira both 'died' and have both eroded heavily. Kibo remains 'dormant'. These days the way Kilimanjaro actually looks and also some of the rock types are also as a result of erosive processes - glaciation being the most impressive and destructive of these erosive forces. Other events such as Lahars - huge rock and debris flows usually laden with water, have also occured on Kilimanjaro and all have left their mark locked in successive layers of lava, glacial outwash and morraines and in some places exposed for all to see.
 
Mount Kilimanjaro
Important Facts Victoria Falls
  • National Park. 756 sq. km..
  • The tallest mountain in Africa (19,340 feet or 5895 meters))
  • Actually a triple volcano
    • Oldest is Shira, collapsed caldera
    • Middle aged is Mawenzi
    • Youngest and still dormant is Kibo
    • Highest point, Uhuru peak is on Kibo (5895 meters)
  • The National Park itself only includes the mountain area above 8,860 feet which make up the moor and highland areas, the Shira Plateau and the two peaks of Kibo (the "summit") and Mawenzi (16,894 feet).
  • The area below the Park is, however, gazetted as forest and game reserve; five main vegetational zones rise from the lower slopes in succession, each getting colder and dryer with correspondingly fewer fauna populations.
  • There are five alternative "normal" routes to the summit
 
Getting There
Air:128 km (80 miles) from Arusha. About one hour’s drive from Kilimanjaro airport.
The nearest town to Mount Kilimanjaro is Moshi, at the foot of the mountain. Moshi is about 45 minutes drive from Kilimanjaro airport.
 
Mount Kilimanjaro
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